Monitoring SaturnSaturn to the ancients
Historical monitoring of Saturn
Space flight to Saturn
Spacecraft Cassini - Huygens
Physico
Internal structure
Great White Spot
Pull the Arctic pattern hexagonal
Magnetic field
Saturn, whose name is derived from the root "Saturn" in the sense of stepping down and spacing. It is said that he was named Saturn after him in heaven, The Latin name is derived from the "Saturn", the god of agriculture and harvest when the Romans, and represents symbol sickle aforementioned Roman god.Saturn is the sixth planet in terms of distance from the sun, is the second largest planet in the solar system, after Jupiter, Saturn is classified within the gaseous planets like Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune. These four planets together called "planets Jawvianah" meaning "semiconductor buyer." Is the radius of the planet nine times larger than that of the Earth, but the intensity up to the price of the intensity of the earth, but mass Vtfouk that land five and ninety times.The environmental conditions on the surface of Saturn's extreme conditions because of the large mass and the strength of its appeal, and experts say that temperatures and high pressure which exceeds the ability of scientists and existing techniques to prepare something similar and testing it in the laboratory. Consists Saturn high proportion of hydrogen gas and a small portion of helium, while the inner part of it is composed of rock and ice surrounded by a broad layer of metallic hydrogen gas and an outer layer.Believed that the power supply is located metallic hydrogen layer contributes to the increase of the strength and attractiveness of the magnetic field on this planet, and that at least a simple unit that private land measuring up to one-twentieth of the strength of the magnetic field on the buyer. Wind speed on the surface approximately 1800 km / h, a speed very large compared with the speed of the wind on the surface of Jupiter.Characterized Saturn nine rings of ice and dust revolves around him at one level, giving it a distinctive form. There Sixty-one satellites known orbiting Saturn with the exception small Aalghemarat, has been named 53 satellites has been formally. Among these satellites, the "Titan" the largest, which is also the second-largest moon in the solar system, after "Ganymede" of the buyer, it is larger than the planet Mercury, is the only moon in the solar system with the atmosphere what counts.The Galileo first detected the planet Saturn through the telescope in 1610, and since then has attracted planet interest lovers of astronomy and scientists, and was monitored several times achieved in some major discoveries, as happened on 20 September 2006, when he picked up probe Cassini Huygens ring New were not discovered before, outside the limits of the bright main rings and between the two "p" and "j".In July of the same year, picked up with the probe image appeared where the evidence first and presence lakes hydrocarbons in the Arctic Titan's, was confirmed by scientists validity of this matter in January 2007, and in March of the same year, picked up the probe images additional revealed unveiled hydrocarbon seas on the surface of the Moon, the largest up in size to the size of the Caspian Sea. As well as the probe may adjust the hurricane up to 8,000 kilometers in diameter at the south pole of Saturn in October of 2006.Saturn appears frequently in human culture mythology, In astrology Saturn is said to be the main planet in the constellation Capricorn, and plays a big role in influencing the fortunes of Capricorns when it passed in Vllekem, and were told that it also affects the Aquarians. The Roman annual celebration called "Saturnia", held in honor of the god "Saturn".As for the leading humanitarian representations of Saturn in the current era: the process of Saturn, or the small Saturn, carried out by the Red Army during the Second World War on the Eastern Front, which fought several battles in the North Caucasus against the Nazi army. Well there are a few techniques called named "Saturn", including rocket cars of the Apollo space program, and Saturn subsidiary of General Motors, in addition to Saturn Electronics Corporation, and others.
Monitoring Saturn
Saturn is the planet farthest from the sun among the five planets easily visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the other four planets are: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and sometimes you can see Uranus with the naked eye in the sky is too dark, in addition to the asteroid 4 Vista. The last known planets astronomers early so Uranus was discovered in 1781. Saturn appears to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright yellowish and usually have some ostensibly between +1 to 0, and worth so much in most cases to gloss -0.24. It takes Saturn almost 29 and a half years to be a full cycle around the sun. Most people need optical aid (large binoculars) grow by at least 20 × to see Saturn's rings clearly.
Be clearer vision of Saturn and its rings when the angle between him and the 180-degree sun and thus appears opposite the sun in the sky.
Saturn to the ancients
Man knew Saturn since prehistoric times to the possibility of easily visible to the naked eye. It was in ancient times beyond the five planets known in the solar system, with the exception of the land, and thus had a major properties in the various myths. Astronomers monitoring Babylonians on a regular basis and have logged his movements. Which in mythology represents the ancient Roman god Saturn, and it took the planet named in a number of Latin and Germanic languages, and according to the beliefs of the Romans Vsaturn is God planting and harvesting. The Romans considered that Saturn corresponds to the Greek god Kronos.Provides mythology Hindu on the existence of nine celestial satellite known as Navagerhas (Sanskrit: नवग्रह), is Saturn, one known as Shani (Sanskrit: शनि; and Baltamalah: சனி), which is being punished all the people on what they make it work in the life of the world, whether good or bad. In the fifth century Indian astronomical select text titled Soraya Sidhanta Qatar Saturn is about 73,882 miles, any value less than 1% of the real value of $ 74,580 miles. While considered the ancient Chinese and Japanese that Saturn is a star of the Earth (土星), was based astronomers of these two civilizations to the philosophical doctrine that says that all natural elements composed of the five elements of nature: earth metal wood fire and water.
Historical monitoring of Saturn
Divides control and explore Saturn into three main phases: the first of which is the old Met, which was limited to simple tools (mainly with the naked eye) and before invention Almqrapat. Starting from the early seventeenth century invented Almqrapat and began to evolve and improve. The last stage was the last spacecraft is to visit the planet, either by entering into orbit around it or overfly by space probes.Saturn was known since ancient times, and is considered Italian physicist Galileo Galilei, one of the first toHis followers Palmrkab in the year 1610. The initial observations of the planet Saturn is a bit tricky because the land reflect the level of Saturn's rings in some years when it moves in its orbit. And because of it produces an image with little clarity of Saturn. The world Christian Huygens in in 1659 the discovery of the ring and described as "a non-adjacent planet and slash the level of its orbit," and since then became famous Saturn being the only planet surrounded by rings until the year 1977 when I discovered rings thin around the planet Uranus and thereafter simple around Jupiter and Neptune. In 1675 discovered French astronomer Giovanni Cassini Huygens ring, which he saw divided into two equal parts with two equal opaque line, called this line barrier Cassini. In 1850 the discovery of a new episode closer to the planet than the previous two and darker. Cassini also discovered four moons of Saturn in the period between 1671 and 1684 are: Rhea and Ttheis debt and Aaabitos. In 1979 French astronomers discovered another new episode farther than its predecessors for Saturn.Used vehicle "Pioneer 11" in the first visit to the planet Saturn in 1979, and was subsequently resort to vehicles Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, and Cassini - Huygens in 2004.
Space flight to Saturn
Pioneer 11First visit to Saturn by Pioneer 11 probe in September / September of 1979, flew at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers of the planet's upper clouds. The pictures were taken a few precision of the planet and some of its moons. Resolution of the images was not high enough to determine the parameters of the surface well. The probe studied episodes, this has led to a few discoveries, including the presence of a thin film called "ring - P", in addition to the presence of dark gaps between the rings light up when they appear toward the sun, meaning that these gaps is not completely empty but contains some materials. As the probe is measured degree Hrarah Saturn's largest moon, named "Titan".
Probe Voyager 1 visited Saturn in November of 1980, and succeeded in sending the first high-resolution images of the planet and rings and some satellites, has been able to pick up images of terrain surfaces several satellites for the first time. As the flight of close to Titan led to increased knowledge of astronomers very knowledgeable about the atmosphere of this moon. It also proved that waves of the visible spectrum can not force through the atmosphere of Titan, and then they could not then see any terrain on the surface of the Moon or identify them.
In the month of August / August of 1981, Voyager 2 continued study of the Saturn system. Been getting more photos up close to Saturn's moons, also found signs of a change in Saturn's atmosphere and its rings. Unfortunately, camera adapter crashes in the probe during the flight and stopped for a few days, and thus lost some pictures that scientists plans to get them. It was later used allure Saturn to guide the path of the spacecraft around Uranus.
Could this probe to detect and confirm the presence of several new satellites next to or inside the rings. Maxwell also discovered a gap and Keller gap.
Launch Vehicle Voyager 2, which has to pass near the planet Saturn
Spacecraft Cassini - Huygens
Contributed to the success of Voyager mission to promote the launch of the probe Cassini - Huygens. Where it formed the spacecraft Cassini - Huygens largest spacecraft built to date, and held the Cassini probe on board 12 scientific body, also bore the Huygens probe on 6 scientific instruments. Up the weight of the vehicle when they are filled with fuel to 5500 kg and a height of 6.8 meters.In October / October of 1997 left the spaceship Cassini planet on a trip to the outer solar system, has succeeded in maneuvering and entering into orbit around Saturn in July of 2004 after using vehicle engine main for 95 minutes in order to prevent the risk of attraction to the planet's surface. Studied the spacecraft Cassini - Huygens Saturn system extensively, also flew within walking distance of the moon Phoebe and sent images and high-resolution data for. The scientists also found responsible for the flight for a preliminary map of the magnetic field of Saturn through measurements and observations made by a magnetic field camera to Cassini and picked up during the flight as it approached the planet. The map indicates that the magnetic field of Saturn extends away from the planet for a distance of between seven hundred thousand and a million miles away.Also flew over Saturn's largest moon Titan and monitored by radar and got the radar images of beaches and islands, mountains and even lakes. On 25 December / December 2004 Huygens probe was separated and fell on the surface of Titan on January 14 / January 2005, and sent a huge amount of data during its landing on Titan's atmosphere and surface. During the year of 2005, Cassini has several flights over the Titan and some of the other icy moons of Saturn, and another trip over the Titan was in the March 23 / March 2008. The images showed clearly the existence of channels meandering of corridors for liquids vector to the valleys is likely to be Hmaalsaúl is methane, as images appear also some rocks polished, very similar to the rocks in the river, as they appear in some photos and a fog of methane or ethane.Since early 2005, scientists tracking lightning on Saturn monitored by Cassini. It is said that the power of lightning was beyond the power of lightning located on planet Earth is about 1000 times. Scientists believe that the storm associated with it is the strongest of its kind ever. NASA reported on 10 March / March 2006 that through images taken by Cassini has found evidence of the presence of large quantities of liquid water heaters Moon Ankulaids. The images also showed jet fired water molecules form ice towering columns. According to Andrew Ingersoll, a Doctor of the California Institute of Technology, there are satellites other in the solar system covered oceans of liquid water covered crust ice thick Kleomtrut, but the difference here is that pockets of liquid water may be just beneath the surface a few tens of meters away.On 20 September / September of 2006, Cassini images revealed the presence of a undiscovered by the planet, located outside the main rings most brightest, and within the two "J" and "c". It seems that this episode and found as a result of the crash of two of Saturn's moons because of meteorites crash on an ongoing basis.In July 2006, Cassini sent its first images indicating the existence of lakes Haedrokrboneh near Titan's north pole, which scientists confirmed his health in January / January 2007. In March / March of the same year, was taken additional images of areas near Titan's north pole led to the discovery sailor hydrocarbon, and the largest of these seas is about the size of the Caspian Sea. [17] have discovered the probe in October / October 2006 appointed Hurricane a diameter of 8000 km in the south pole of Saturn.Probe discovered and confirmed the presence of 8 natural satellites of Saturn, during the period from 2004 to November 2 / November 2009. The Cassini mission ended primary in 2008 when he completed 74 course on the planet. The probe is now in the first to extend its mission
Physico
Planet seems to observant planned accidental parallel to the equator with colorful stripes. But not as varied lines Buyer, Vaiglb color pale yellow and brown. This outer layer is frozen ammonia crystals which cause yellowish color. As a result of low density of Saturn and its liquid state and for being a quick spin around the same has become spherical Mvltaha, ie it flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator. Varies tropical tar and polar Saturn by approximately 10%, and aged 108.728 km (polar) and 120.536 km (equatorial). It is worth mentioning that other gaseous planets are splayed also but to a lesser degree from Saturn. Saturn is the only planet in the solar system which have a density less than the density of water, and despite the fact that the nucleus of Saturn much higher density of water, but that the average density of the planet is 0.69 g / cm 3 due to its gaseous atmosphere. Mass of Saturn 95 times the mass of Earth, For comparison, total mass of Jupiter 318 times the mass of Saturn, but the largest of Saturn's only about 20%.
Internal structure
Although there is no direct information about the internal structure of Saturn, but it is believed that the inwardly similar to the soles of Jupiter with a small rocky core surrounded mostly hydrogen and helium. Like hard core in composition form the nucleus land, but more intense. There is a thick layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, followed by a layer of liquid hydrogen and helium, as well as gaseous atmosphere, which extends for a distance of 1,000 km above this. There are also small amounts of volatile materials are different. The estimated mass of the nucleus of between 9 and 22 times the mass of Earth. Saturn very warm nucleus, where the temperature of up to 11,700 degrees Celsius, which radiate energy into space equivalent to 2.5 times the energy that it receives from the sun. Most of these originate unusual energy in the nucleus through the mechanism of Kelvin Helmholtz, or slow gravitational compression, but this alone may not be enough to explain the generation Saturn high heat. There is an additional mechanism proposed for how to generate Saturn some of this heat, a "rain" helium droplets minutes was buried deep inside the nucleus of Saturn, and produces these droplets friction and then heat during its fall through the lighter hydrogen.
AtmosphericConsists of the outer atmosphere of Saturn of molecular hydrogen by 96.3% and 3.25% helium. There are also small amounts of ammonia and acetylene gas and ethane, methane and phosphine. The pull of Saturn is composed of ammonia crystals, while it seems that low altitude clouds composed of ammonium Bekpritid (NH4SH) or water. Also there is a small percentage of helium, compared to those of the sun, in the atmosphere of this planet.
The amount of elements heavier than helium in Saturn's atmosphere is not known precisely, but assume proportions by comparing the extent of its presence during the formation of the solar system. The total mass of these elements, including between 19 and 31 times the mass of the earth, and there is a big part in the nucleus of Saturn.
Resemble Saturn's atmosphere that private buyer, but more muted (in terms of brightness) and wider at the equator. Less layers of clouds rise on Saturn is a layer of water ice, which extends to a height of 10 km and has a temperature of -23 Celsius. It is likely that there are over this layer a layer of ice ammonium Bekpritid, which extends to a height of 50 kilometers and reach temperature of approximately -93 Celsius. Extends another layer to the height of eighty miles above this layer is composed of ammonia ice, where the temperature reaches to approximately -153 Celsius. And near the top of the atmosphere, extending areas of gaseous hydrogen and helium to an altitude of between 200 and 270 kilometers above the visual pull ammonia. Saturn's winds are considered the fastest in the solar system. The monitoring probe Voyager maximum sustained winds East, which amounted to 500 m / s, which is equivalent to 1800 km / h. No monitor the types of clouds in the atmosphere of Saturn or even recognizable trip Voyager, and since that time, improved asymptote ground dramatically so that the scientists were able to watch them. And are clouds in the upper atmosphere around the equator cycle around the planet every ten hours and ten minutes, which is a little time. The clouds in the high latitudes may take time more than half an hour on it in passing through the planet
Although there is no direct information about the internal structure of Saturn, but it is believed that the inwardly similar to the soles of Jupiter with a small rocky core surrounded mostly hydrogen and helium. Like hard core in composition form the nucleus land, but more intense. There is a thick layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, followed by a layer of liquid hydrogen and helium, as well as gaseous atmosphere, which extends for a distance of 1,000 km above this. There are also small amounts of volatile materials are different. The estimated mass of the nucleus of between 9 and 22 times the mass of Earth. Saturn very warm nucleus, where the temperature of up to 11,700 degrees Celsius, which radiate energy into space equivalent to 2.5 times the energy that it receives from the sun. Most of these originate unusual energy in the nucleus through the mechanism of Kelvin Helmholtz, or slow gravitational compression, but this alone may not be enough to explain the generation Saturn high heat. There is an additional mechanism proposed for how to generate Saturn some of this heat, a "rain" helium droplets minutes was buried deep inside the nucleus of Saturn, and produces these droplets friction and then heat during its fall through the lighter hydrogen.
AtmosphericConsists of the outer atmosphere of Saturn of molecular hydrogen by 96.3% and 3.25% helium. There are also small amounts of ammonia and acetylene gas and ethane, methane and phosphine. The pull of Saturn is composed of ammonia crystals, while it seems that low altitude clouds composed of ammonium Bekpritid (NH4SH) or water. Also there is a small percentage of helium, compared to those of the sun, in the atmosphere of this planet.
The amount of elements heavier than helium in Saturn's atmosphere is not known precisely, but assume proportions by comparing the extent of its presence during the formation of the solar system. The total mass of these elements, including between 19 and 31 times the mass of the earth, and there is a big part in the nucleus of Saturn.
Layers of clouds
Resemble Saturn's atmosphere that private buyer, but more muted (in terms of brightness) and wider at the equator. Less layers of clouds rise on Saturn is a layer of water ice, which extends to a height of 10 km and has a temperature of -23 Celsius. It is likely that there are over this layer a layer of ice ammonium Bekpritid, which extends to a height of 50 kilometers and reach temperature of approximately -93 Celsius. Extends another layer to the height of eighty miles above this layer is composed of ammonia ice, where the temperature reaches to approximately -153 Celsius. And near the top of the atmosphere, extending areas of gaseous hydrogen and helium to an altitude of between 200 and 270 kilometers above the visual pull ammonia. Saturn's winds are considered the fastest in the solar system. The monitoring probe Voyager maximum sustained winds East, which amounted to 500 m / s, which is equivalent to 1800 km / h. No monitor the types of clouds in the atmosphere of Saturn or even recognizable trip Voyager, and since that time, improved asymptote ground dramatically so that the scientists were able to watch them. And are clouds in the upper atmosphere around the equator cycle around the planet every ten hours and ten minutes, which is a little time. The clouds in the high latitudes may take time more than half an hour on it in passing through the planet
False color image taken by Voyager 1 probe to Saturn
Great White Spot
Named views of Great Red Spot on the surface of Jupiter. It is the name given to periodic storms that occur on the surface of Saturn can be seen by ground Almqrapat, and is characterized by white. Can extend the storm to view hundreds of kilometers. Occur all the great white spots in the northern hemisphere of Saturn, as it begins with separate patches that soon spread quickly on the meridians, as happened in 1933 and 1990, where the recent storm was large enough to encircle the planet. And imposes some theories that the reason for the emergence of white spots is the rise of large amounts from the atmosphere by thermal instability.
Named views of Great Red Spot on the surface of Jupiter. It is the name given to periodic storms that occur on the surface of Saturn can be seen by ground Almqrapat, and is characterized by white. Can extend the storm to view hundreds of kilometers. Occur all the great white spots in the northern hemisphere of Saturn, as it begins with separate patches that soon spread quickly on the meridians, as happened in 1933 and 1990, where the recent storm was large enough to encircle the planet. And imposes some theories that the reason for the emergence of white spots is the rise of large amounts from the atmosphere by thermal instability.
Pull the Arctic pattern hexagonal
Observed hexagonal shaped clouds present in the atmospheric vortex in the Arctic at about 78 north for the first time by the probe Voyager images. Unlike the Arctic, pointed the Hubble Space Observatory images to the existence of jet streams in the south polar region of the planet, but there is no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave. However, NASA reported in November of 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft spotted some hurricanes in the Antarctic, which has what is known as "into the cyclone", a large ring of massive thunderstorms. And this view noteworthy because it is not seen any eye hurricane in any other planet except Earth (and previously had been a failed attempt to monitor this phenomenon in the Great Red Spot on Jupiter).The length of the side ribs to pull the Arctic hexagonal about 13,800 miles, and spin the entire area around the same during the period of 10 hours, 39 minutes and 24 seconds. The same period of wireless broadcast waves from the planet.
Magnetic field
The magnetosphere of Saturn very regularly, due to the occurrence of the poles Amonatisien on a single line with the rotational poles. Pressure of the solar wind-facing side of the field to the sun, and work on the extension of the governor on this side wind. Causes rapid rotation of the planet on its axis disk configuration of currents in the level of the equator, and this in turn affects the magnetic field and in the sections most distant magnetosphere. So Vlzhal a simple magnetic field and harmonic dipole. He strong at the equator, where the magnitude of about 0.2 Gauss, or about twenty to one of the magnetic field around Jupiter, and slightly less than the magnetic field around the Earth. A result, Saturn's magnetic field Adgr much of which is owned by the buyer and extends only slightly beyond Titan's orbit. It is likely that the reason for the emergence of area Amonattsaa in Saturn is similar to why it arises in the buyer because of molecular hydrogen layer. This works magnetosphere on the character of the solar wind. And also features a magnetic field of Saturn existence poles north and south of it, but it goes against the land on their is noticed compass floor pointing toward South Saturn geographical indication on the North Magnetic Pole him, that magnetic north is south geographical, Vqtabah Amonatisaan unlike poles actual. This area is in full conformity with the axis of rotation of the planet, while on the ground leaning at a rate of 10 from the axis of rotation of the Earth. There uniform magnetic casing and the ionized layer of hydrogen atoms on the planet. Scientists have identified the cause of the weakness this area compared with the buyer due to the lack of metal thickness of the liquid layer of hydrogen in it for those on the buyer.
Saturn's orbit and rotation
Average distance between Saturn and the sun is more than 1,400,000,000 km. With average orbital speed of 9.69 km / sec, requires Saturn 10.759 Earth days (or about 29 and a half years) to finish one cycle around the sun. And tends oval orbit at an angle of 2.48 ° for easy orbiting the earth. Because of the presence of abnormalities orbital of 0.056, the distance between Saturn and the Sun varies by approximately 155,000,000 km between perihelion and aphelion.Since Saturn is a gas giant, the time it takes to rotate around its axis is not fixed, but depends on the latitude. Visual form on Saturn huh spin at different rates depending on the latitude that fall on them, have been calculated periods turnover multiple of different regions on the planet (as in the case of Jupiter): the first system of 10 hours and 14 minutes and 00 seconds (844.3 ° / d), and includes the area Tropical, which stretches from the northern edge of the southern equatorial belt to the southern tip of the northern equatorial belt. Has been appointed all other latitudes of Saturn in the rotation period of 10 hours, 39 minutes and 24 seconds (810.76 ° / d), a second system. The third system is based on the emissions of radio waves released from the planet monitored by vehicle Voyager Aznar Aqturabadtha him, and of the period of this system 10 hours and 39 minutes and 22.4 seconds (810.8 ° / d), and because it is very close to the second system has been replaced to some extent large.However, the exact value of the orbital period of the soles of the planet remains elusive. During Cassini approached Saturn in 2004, and spacecraft found that the radio rotation period of Saturn has increased significantly, almost 10 hours and 45 minutes and 45 seconds (± 36 seconds). The reason for this change is not known, and I think at the time that the reason is due to the wireless source movement to a different latitude, meaning that a change in the duration Aldoanah and not in the same rotation of SaturnLater than March / March 2007, found that wireless emissions turnover was not affected by the rotation of the planet, but instead resulted from convection of the plasma disk, which also depends on other factors besides the planet's rotation. It was reported that it may be caused by the difference in rotation periods resulted from activity heaters on Saturn Ankulaids satellite. And water vapor scholarship to orbit Saturn through this activity affects the magnetic casing Saturn and makes it weaker, and this slows down the rotation slightly for the planet's rotation. And now recognized that there is no known method to determine the rate of rotation of the soles of the Saturn.Recent estimates for the rotation period of Saturn was in September / September 2007, and was based on a different set of information measurements Cassini and Voyager probes Pioneer, and this estimate is 10 hours, 32 minutes and 35 seconds.
Saturn's rings
Saturn is perhaps the most famous planets of its component of rings, which makes it significantly more space object in the solar system. The rings of Saturn makes him one of the most familiar astronomical images and impressive, and the addition to the large number of receipt in stories and science fiction movies. Galileo Galilei was the first of monitored through the telescope when the face the primitive Mriqbh around the planet for the first time in 1610, but made him a low-resolution vision mistakenly believed that Saturn is a three-planet system, consisting of a large central body and two smaller objects than on the sides. Rings may be much of the same planet. So I saw some senior Riyaziaaan that these episodes worthy of study. According to the accounts of Laplace and James Clerk Maxwell, it must be Saturn's rings composed of many smaller objects from it. Stretch rings for a distance of between 6.630 km to 120.700 km above the equator of Saturn, and the average thickness approximately 20 km, however, the total mass of episodes that are up thick to several hundred meters reward only a block Mimas, and consists of 93% of water ice with a little impurities, as well as amorphous carbon by 7%. The molecules that make up the rings range in size from the size of dust particles to a small car. There are three main theories concerning the origin of the rings. First stating that they are the result of material on the first disk of the planet, and that was without the Roche limit of the planet, and as a result did not clump and form moons. As for the second, resulted in the wreckage moon fragmentation Ntejah collision, and third as a result of debris moon fragmentation due to changes in stress, which resulted in the passage of the moon within the Roche limit of the planet, was believed to be rings planets unstable.Outside the main rings at a distance of 12 million miles of the planet there is a VoIP loop, which is inclined at an angle of 27 degrees for the other links.), also found within the rings Cassini, a barrier between the two A and B, as the most important gaps exist Maxwell gap and gap Keller and Enki gap.And affect the rings of Saturn and its moons on its magnetic field, where it is believed that this effect has a role in the formation of the rings. During rotation Titan within the magnetosphere evasion amounts of hydrogen and some light elements in its atmosphere relatively dense, and the magnetic field formed by the form of cake small charged particles extracted from surfaces iced Zapping small internal constitute another episode light on the complex Zhali.While it may be considered to the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini gap barrier Enki, from the ground, the Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have a complex structure consisting of thousands of gaps and thin strands. There is also a role for satellites shepherds to keep on the edge of the ring and shape. Data coming from the Cassini space probe that Saturn's rings has its own atmosphere, separate from the atmosphere of the planet itself. The atmosphere is composed of molecular oxygen (O2) and is produced by the interaction of ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun with ice water content in the episodes. Produces chemical reactions between the water molecule and UV gas "H2" in addition to oxygen, and in any case, the amount of both of these gases is very low. And also contains the atmosphere of the episodes of small amounts of hydroxide, and get this result of the disintegration of water molecules, although in this case is the dismantling of the active ions to water molecules expelled from Enceladus
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