Planet Earth ـ Third planets of the solar

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The average distance from the sun 150 million kilometers

Diameter of the planet 12,756 miles

Astronomical period of rotation about the same 23.9345 hour

Third planet planets of the solar system, which is the only planet in the planets, which supports life and is available where all avenues of life, and an estimated age of the Earth about 4.5 billion years ago.Scientists estimate that the first housing ground objects minutes ago about 3.5 to 3.9 billion years and started in the water first thing started, and the first life on Earth began with plants simple ago was 430 million years old, followed by dinosaurs then $ 225 million years, either human say he old on the ground about one million years and there are many variations and God knows was the earth's atmosphere at its inception contains carbon dioxide is mostly, but now it is nitrogen and oxygen.

Going ground quickly 108.000 miles per hour and is located at a distance average of sun estimated 150 million kilometers (93.2 million miles), take the ground 365.256 days to orbit around the sun and 23.9345 hours for a spin around itself, have a diameter of 12.756 miles of the equator, only a few hundreds of kilometers larger than the planet Venus, Earth's atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases, and a mile-centered with a 23.45 score and escape velocity tropical is 11.18 km / sec and average surface temperature 15 ° and atmospheric pressure equivalent to 1.013 bar.Earth is the only planet in the solar system, which houses life cycle, our planet fast and center ground of nickel iron liquid causes a magnetic field enveloping the planet, which along with atmospheric protection from cosmic radiation harmful send the sun and other stars, and the Earth's atmosphere protects us from meteorites , most of which destroyed as a result of friction before he could strike the earth's surface.

From our trips to space, we have learned a lot about our planet, the first American satellite, Explorer 1 Discover area called acute radiation radiation belt "Van Allen", this layer problem of shipments traveling fast particles confined the Earth's magnetic field in the region in the form of a cake surrounded the equator line. Other findings from satellites Araftna that field planet magnetic oblique teardrop-shaped eye effect solar wind, we also know now that the Earth's atmosphere top fine and that we believe residents and quiet is disturbed activity and increases in the daytime and shrink at night influenced by changes in solar activity, and contribute to the upper class in climate and weather on Earth.Next weather affected the earth due to solar activity there is a visual phenomenon exciting Jonah, when charged particles becomes of the solar wind confined to Earth's magnetic field, air molecules collide over the magnetic poles of our planet, and then begin to glow phenomenon known the polar twilight or dawn polar.

Earth's atmosphere

Earth's atmosphere is a layer gas consists of a mixture of gases and takes globe and preserve the Earth's gravity from anarchy to the vast space, and consists mixture gases this mostly of nitrogen gas, which represents about 78%, followed by oxygen gas by 21% and other gases such as argon and carbon dioxide carbon and water vapor and hydrogen and helium, neon and xenon.

This atmosphere of utmost importance for the land it provides a good environment for life as providing living creatures air necessary for breathing, and is considered a protective shield them protects the inhabitants of this planet from cosmic radiation harmful, especially ultraviolet light, as it regulates the spread of light properly and allows entry into force of radiation visible and infrared red and other X-rays and thermal optical coming from the sun and absorbed by the earth, which provides warmth and proper circulation of temperature, if there is no envelope air to exceed temperatures 200 degrees Celsius, and protects also from meteorites and comets where crumbles mostly before reaching the ground surface as a result of inadvertent contact with air and burned , as it is the medium in which the voices are transmitted in the absence of air to stillness and tranquility prevailed scary on the surface of the earth.

Divides the earth's atmosphere to five layers, be Asmkha near the surface and gradually diminished to rise and eventually coalesce into outer space. Classes are:

Troposphere

The first layer above the Earth's surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere and the weather happens

Is the first layer of the Earth's atmosphere, the air in this layer mixed very well and the temperature decreases to rise to the top, the air in Terbosevir heated quickly when contact with the ground, and spread heat across Terbosevir because the air is unstable little, occurs weather in that layer, and as the coverair does not have a steady state sometimes be stable and sometimes unstable, if unstable clouds are formed, and if intensified instability weather, clouds are formed and storms, and then moving blocs air top and cool, conglomerates air does not rise or move unless starts impact air inmoving it, this seems the air is stable but still seems a net, there is no mechanism for lifting to get air to move.

Stratosphere

This layer is very stable so used in aircraft flying through it, and also contain ozone-الني prevent harmful rays from the sun

Stratosphere lies above layer Terbosevir, in this layer increases the temperature to rise, causing the ozone in the increasing temperature in this layer, ozone is concentrated around a height of 25 kilometers, and absorbed fractions dangerous types of solar radiation, which is working to heat the air around them

Mesosphere

In this layer meteors are destroyed and parts of the meteorites that fall to Earth

Above layer Misosver layer stratosphere, where the mixed air and relatively decreasing temperatures to rise, up temperature colder about -90 °, a class in which destroys a lot of meteors and meteorites that fall Earth's atmosphere, we can see that layer If you look at the edge of the planet at the horizon

Thermosphere

Class that produce the aurora phenomenon, which is also the location of the space shuttle and space flight, which revolve around the earth

Is the fourth layer of the layers of the Earth's atmosphere and the highest layer Misosver, and a very thin air here, just a change in energy can cause a big change in temperature. This temperature is very sensitive to solar activity, when the sun is active can be heated this layer to 1,500 ° or higher.

Includes Tyrmosver area of the atmosphere called the ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere filled with charged particles, and high temperatures in Tyrmosver can cause ionization of molecules, and this caused interference ionosphere and Iiyrmosver, and where there is gaseous hydrogen and helium.

Exosphere

Is the last layer in the atmosphere thinner layer merges the atmosphere to outer space

Top layer of the atmosphere The layer Tyrmosver followed, stretching from above Tyrmosver layer until the end of the atmosphere, and then it becomes a very thin atmosphere, where the escape of atoms and molecules into space and air molecules become rare to the extent that it is non-existent.

Magnetic field

Earth rotates in perpetual motion on its axis, which is an imaginary line passing center ground and ends at parties North and South, called the northern end of the axis of the North Pole, and is located 90 degrees north of the equator, and the southern tip called the South Pole and is located 90 degrees south of the equator.

The Earth has a magnetic field with north and south poles, and up the Earth's magnetic field distance of 36,000 miles in space. The Earth's magnetic field surrounded area called the magnetosphere, prevents this cover most of the particles coming from the sun in the form of solar wind that hit the ground, however, some molecules solar wind can enter the magnetosphere, and those particles that enter the magnetosphere and heading towards the earth is what the aurora borealis.

Generate the magnetic field of the offense heavenly

Scientists believe even though they are not sure that there are two essential components to generate a magnetic field, namely: -

1 - magnetic material2 - currents
As we know that the piece of iron can be transformed into a magnet Bnglifaa cables and the passage of current through the wire, it is believed that the planet or star can generate a magnetic field if they provide both of the above article and components stream, you must have a magnetic material. Such a condition is available for land, where there is liquid metal layer above the core of the earth.It is the movement of such class that act as electrical charge holder magnetic field arises. And you must have currents moving within Article magnetic, and is also available for land this condition where arise that movement of heat heartland estimated at more than 5,000 degrees Celsius, as well as the heat arising from the radioactivity of uranium and thorium, also generated heat of crystallization process that accompany hardening Cover outer core of the Earth.If a planet to Ataatuar the have enough of one of the two components, will not have a magnetic field. An example of the planets that are not possess magnetic fields of Venus (because it is very slow moving), as well as the planet Mars (because most iron exists on the planet's surface and not Mnsra).

As well as to the planet's rotation is an important factor in the genesis of the magnetic field has, the speed of rotation results in swirling esoteric like vortices that occur in the planet's atmosphere, and the impact of that movement tornadoes in the ground and the accompanying magnetic field also affected the intensity of the magnetic field on the surface of the earth.

And provides a magnetic field of the Earth to protect the planet and in particular the protection of organisms that live upon the impact of the solar wind malicious and come to earth and be loaded with particles charged that be harmful to the lives of residents of this planet, when approaching these particles from the Earth's magnetic works this area to dislodge outward in space and hooked away from the Earth

Magnetic equator

Is an imaginary line with equal magnetic force of attraction to the North Pole with the magnetic force of attraction of the Antarctic and there near the equator geographical, and all points along this line remains horizontal magnetic needle without a tendency to either side.

Magnetic poles of the earth

Located magnetic poles near the poles geographers north and south and change site poles magnetic consistently over time, and through thousands of years (or millions of years) change direction, it becomes in the south instead of the north, and so, and this phenomenon has its impact on life on Earth, and is due this Alngara toDuran iron found in the nucleus of the Earth constantly.

The north magnetic pole

It is the point at which it refers compass needle to the direction of the north, and could deviate this pole several kilometers within a few years, In 1970 the magnetic North Pole was located near island Patrst in Northern Canada

South Magnetic Pole

It point heading towards it by the compass which indicates the direction of the south, and moving this pole about eight kilometers per year, located this pole is on the beach and Lux Land, and in 1985 was the South Magnetic Pole is located directly off the coast of southern continent, near the Research StationFrench Dumont de Orville about 2,750 km from South geographic Pole

The scientists studied the process move polarity was discovered about 171 state coup in polar magnetic through 76 million years, including 9 cases appreciate it occurred during four million years, was the longest continuous period of polar normal exceeded three million years, and recorded the shortest period to fifty thousand years, and appreciate the current period, which represent polar usual it has been going on for more than seven hundred thousand years.

Studies show that Earth's magnetic field was in the past much stronger than it is today, which decreases continuously, has come a day disappears when this area allowing the solar wind to penetrate the Earth, leading to raise the temperature and water vapor, but disintegration into hydrogen and oxygen, has been estimated those studies that the diminution of the value of the magnetic field on a regular basis and at a rate of about 6% annually since 1835, and Bamlessh calculation Vanqama magnetic field will reach zero in the next thousand years.

Magnetic materials

There are a few materials that can natural Taatmgnt, and have the potential to turn into magnets, such as iron - hematite - magnetic stone - ionized gases (such as materials, which makes them the stars).

And generated magnetism to attract objects that contain magnetic material such as iron, even if those non-magnetic materials, but magnetism can not attract plastics, cotton or any other material, such as silicate rocks.