The moon is illuminated because it reflects the light from the sun. The part of the moon facing the sun is lit up. The part facing away from the sun is in darkness.
The phases of the moon are the different ways the moon looks during the month. As the Moon moves in space, different parts of it face the Sun.
This means that different parts of it are lit up. We only see one side of the moon from Earth because it rotates so that one side is always facing us. The moon phase takes between 27.3 days. The phases of the moon appears to be a circular disk, which is illuminated to some degree by direct sunlight.
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